Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Maternal Genetic History of East Asian Dogs.

Recent studies have suggested that dogs were domesticated during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Siberia, which contrasts with previous proposed domestication centers (e.g. Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia). Ancient DNA provides a powerful resource for the study of mammalian evolution and has been widely used to understand the genetic history of domestic animals. To understand the maternal genetic history of East Asian dogs, we have made a complete mitogenome dataset of 120 East Asian canids from 38 archaeological sites, including 102 newly sequenced from 12.9 to 1 ka BP (1,000 years before present). The majority (112/119, 94.12%) belonged to haplogroup A, and half of these (55/112, 49.11%) belonged to sub-haplogroup A1b. Most existing mitochondrial haplogroups were present in ancient East Asian dogs. However, mitochondrial lineages in ancient northern dogs (northeastern Eurasia and northern East Asia) were deeper and older than those in southern East Asian dogs. Results suggests that East Asian dogs originated from northeastern Eurasian populations after the LGM, dispersing in two possible directions after domestication. Western Eurasian (Europe and the Middle East) dog maternal ancestries genetically influenced East Asian dogs from approximately 4 ka BP, dramatically increasing after 3 ka BP, and afterwards largely replaced most primary maternal lineages in northern East Asia. Additionally, at least three major mitogenome sub-haplogroups of haplogroup A (A1a, A1b, and A3) reveal at least two major dispersal waves onto the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in ancient times, indicating eastern (A1b and A3) and western (A1a) Eurasian origins.

Gut Microbiota and Neonatal Acute Kidney Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the relationship between gut microbiota and neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers based on the gut-kidney axis. STUDY DESIGN: The Pubmed database was primarily searched to include relevant literature on gut microbiota and neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers, which was subsequently organized and analyzed and a manuscript was written. RESULTS: Gut microbiota was associated with neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers. These biomarkers included TIMP-2, IGFBP-7, VEGF, calbindin, GST, B2MG, ghrelin, and clusterin. CONCLUSION: The gut microbiota is strongly associated with neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers, and controlling the gut microbiota may be a potential target for ameliorating neonatal acute kidney injury. KEY POINTS: · There is a bidirectional association between gut microbiota and AKI.. · Gut microbiota is closely associated with biomarkers of nAKI.. · Manipulation of gut microbiota may improve nAKI..

A Planar Multi-Inertial Navigation Strategy for Autonomous Systems for Signal-Variable Environments.

The challenge of precise dynamic positioning for mobile robots is addressed through the development of a multi-inertial navigation system (M-INSs). The inherent cumulative sensor errors prevalent in traditional single inertial navigation systems (INSs) under dynamic conditions are mitigated by a novel algorithm, integrating multiple INS units in a predefined planar configuration, utilizing fixed distances between the units as invariant constraints. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is employed to significantly enhance the positioning accuracy. Dynamic experimental validation of the proposed 3INS EKF algorithm reveals a marked improvement over individual INS units, with the positioning errors reduced and stability increased, resulting in an average accuracy enhancement rate exceeding 60%. This advancement is particularly critical for mobile robot applications that demand high precision, such as autonomous driving and disaster search and rescue. The findings from this study not only demonstrate the potential of M-INSs to improve dynamic positioning accuracy but also to provide a new research direction for future advancements in robotic navigation systems.

Caffeine and neonatal acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury is one of the most threatening diseases in neonates, with complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Caffeine is a commonly used central nervous system stimulant for treating apnea in preterm infants. There is compelling evidence that caffeine may have potential benefits for preventing neonatal acute kidney injury, but comprehensive reports are lacking in this area. Hence, this review aims to provide a summary of clinical data on the potential benefits of caffeine in improving neonatal acute kidney injury. Additionally, it delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying caffeine's effects on acute kidney injury, with a focus on various aspects such as oxidative stress, adenosine receptors, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammasome, autophagy, p53, and gut microbiota. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide information for healthcare professionals regarding the link between caffeine and neonatal acute kidney injury and to identify gaps in our current understanding.

The relationship between late (≥ 7 days) systemic dexamethasone and functional network connectivity in very preterm infants.

Background: Current evidence shows that systemic dexamethasone administration starting after the first week of age reduces bronchopulmonary dysplasia for very preterm (VPT) infants, but its neurological effects remain obscure. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we assessed the changes in functional network connectivity (FNC) in very preterm infants treated with late systemic dexamethasone (≥7 days of age). Methods: VPT infants (GA ≤ 32 weeks) who needed to rely on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days but fewer than 14 days to maintain vital signs were included in the study. The cohort was divided into two groups according to whether they were given systemic dexamethasone. In addition, 26 healthy term infants were recruited as controls. At term-equivalent age (TEA), rs-fMRI and 3D-T1 data from eligible infants were acquired with a 3.0-T MRI scanner. After the MRI data were preprocessed, group-level independent component analysis (ICA), a technique used for blind source separation, was used to identify the components of resting-state networks (RSNs). Then, the functional connectivity between components and RSNs was compared among different groups. Upon follow-up at 3 months of corrected age, the neurodevelopmental outcomes of enrolled infants were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Chinese Revision (BSID-CR), and the Motor Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) were measured. Finally, the correlations between resting-state FNC and BSID scores were analysed. Results: Ultimately, 59 infants were included in the final analysis, including 19 preterm infants who received dexamethasone, 20 who did not, and 20 healthy term infants as controls. Based on their data, 11 components were identified, belonging to 5 RSNs: the visual network (VN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the auditory network (AN), the primary sensorimotor network (SMN), and the default-mode network (DMN). Compared with the term infants, the preterm infants showed significantly weakened functional connectivity between the DAN and VN, as well as the VN and AN (P < 0.05). Among preterm infants, those who were given dexamethasone showed significantly stronger functional connectivity between the DAN and VN, as well as the DMN and AN (P < 0.05), than those who were not. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the connectivity values between the DAN and VN and between the VN and AN were positively correlated with the MDI (r = 0.432, P＜0.001, and r = 0.479, P＜0.001, respectively) and the PDI (r = 0.436, P＜0.001 and r = 0.516, P＜0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Our investigation uncovers a noteworthy link between the administration of late systemic dexamethasone (≥7 days of age) in VPT infants and distinct improvements in FNC. Furthermore, the observed positive correlation between inter-network connectivity and scores on the BSID-CR implies a plausible neuroprotective aspect of this therapeutic approach in this specific group of children.

Omeprazole activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor to reduce hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of premature infants, to demonstrate the protective role of AhR against hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in premature infants and to provide a rational basis for the use of omeprazole (OM) as a new treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: From January 2021 to June 2021, 1-3 ml of discarded peripheral blood was collected from premature infants of gestational age less than 32 weeks who were not taking inhaled oxygen and were admitted to the Department of Neonatology of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Using a random number table, the PBMCs were randomly assigned to each of the following groups: the control group, air + OM group, hyperoxia group, and hyperoxia + OM group. After 48 h of in vitro modeling and culture, PBMCs and the culture medium of each group were collected. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to examine ROS levels in PBMCs. A full-spectrum spectrophotometer was used to examine malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the culture medium. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) levels in culture medium. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to examine the intracellular localization of AhR. Western blotting was used to examine the expression level of AhR in PBMCs. RESULTS: Compared with those in the control group, the levels of ROS, MDA, and MCP-1 and the cytoplasm-nuclear translocation rate of AhR in the air + OM group did not change significantly (p > 0.05), but the expression level of AhR increased significantly (p < 0.05). The levels of ROS, MDA, and MCP-1 and the cytoplasm-nuclear translocation rate of AhR significantly increased in the hyperoxia group (p < 0.05), and the expression level of AhR was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the hyperoxia group, the levels of ROS, MDA, and MCP-1 in the hyperoxia + OM group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and the cytoplasm-nuclear translocation rate of AhR and the expression level of AhR were significantly increased (p < 0.05), but did not reach the level of the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OM can activate AhR to inhibit hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in the PBMCs from premature infants.

Streptococcus pyogenes: Pathogenesis and the Current Status of Vaccines.

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS), a Gram-positive coccal bacterium, poses a significant global disease burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Its manifestations can range from pharyngitis and skin infection to severe and aggressive diseases, such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. At present, although GAS is still sensitive to penicillin, there are cases of treatment failure for GAS pharyngitis, and antibiotic therapy does not universally prevent subsequent disease. In addition to strengthening global molecular epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance, developing a safe and effective licensed vaccine against GAS would be the most effective way to broadly address GAS-related diseases. Over the past decades, the development of GAS vaccines has been stalled, mainly because of the wide genetic heterogeneity of GAS and the diverse autoimmune responses to GAS. With outbreaks of scarlet fever in various countries in recent years, accelerating the development of a safe and effective vaccine remains a high priority. When developing a GAS vaccine, many factors need to be considered, including the selection of antigen epitopes, avoidance of self-response, and vaccine coverage. Given the challenges in GAS vaccine development, this review describes the important virulence factors that induce disease by GAS infection and how this has influenced the progression of vaccine development efforts, focusing on several candidate vaccines that are further along in development.

Pain-related changes in crSO2 among premature infants undergoing PICC insertion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) values, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in assessing pain associated with the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in premature infants. METHODS: NIRS was used to measure the crSO2 levels of 48 premature infants with gestational age (GA) of < 32 weeks or a birth weight of < 1500 g. Premature infant pain profile (PIPP) scores, vital signs, transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2), transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (TcpCO2), and crSO2 values were monitored. One-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), TcpO2, TcpCO2, and crSO2 values before (Time 1), during (Time 2), and after (Time 3) PICC insertion. The correlation between the PIPP scores at Time 2 and the fluctuations (values detected at Time 2 minus those at Time 1) of SpO2, TcpO2, and crSO2 were also analyzed. RESULTS: The PIPP score at Time 2 was significantly higher than those at Times 1 and 3. HR, RR, and BP values increased (p < .05), and SpO2 and crSO2 levels decreased at Time 2 (p < .05) compared with those at Time 1. Stratified analysis based on GA revealed significant differences in HR, RR, and crSO2 values between Times 1 and 2 in infants with a GA of ≥ 32 weeks. In infants with a GA < 32 weeks, significant differences were observed in HR, RR, SpO2, BP, and crSO2 values between Times 1 and 2. The fluctuation of the crSO2 level was strongly correlated with the PIPP score at Time 2 (r = -0.829, p < .001). A weak correlation was observed between the PIPP score at Time 2 and TcpO2 level fluctuation (r = 0.375, p = .009). No correlation was observed between the PIPP score at Time 2 and SpO2 level fluctuation (r = 0.242, p = .097). CONCLUSION: The fluctuation of crSO2 levels strongly correlates with PICC procedural pain. Hence, crSO2 levels measured using NIRS may be used as an indicator for pain assessment in premature infants.

Experimental Research of Triple Inertial Navigation System Shearer Positioning.

In order to improve the positioning accuracy of shearers, the overground experimental device based on the positioning model of TINS (Triple Inertial Navigation System) was built. The influence of TINS installation parameters on positioning accuracy was discussed through two sets of experiments: the inter-INS (Inertial Navigation System) distances influence experiments and the tri-INS plane spatial position influence experiments. The results show that the positioning accuracy of the shearer is improved to a different extent under the two sets of experimental conditions. When the inter-INS distances are 0.2 m, the positioning accuracy is the highest and the positioning accuracy improvement effect is also the best. When the negative plane α3 is 45°, the positioning accuracy is the highest, and the positioning accuracy improvement effect is also the best. The analysis shows that the main factor affecting the positioning accuracy is the precision of the evaluated values outputs of TINS from EKF (Extended Kalman Filter). Considering the positioning accuracy, equipment installation convenience and so on, the optimum installation parameters are 90° (horizontal installation) α3 for the positive plane and 0.2 m inter-INS distances.

Protective Effect and Mechanism of Autophagy in Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by Hyperoxia.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease in premature infants with alveolar simplification and pulmonary vascular development disorder as the main pathological feature and hyperoxia as the main etiology. Autophagy is a highly conserved cytological behavior of self-degrading cellular components and is accompanied by oxidative stress. Studies have reported that autophagy is regulated by FOXO1 posttranslational modification. However, whether autophagy can be involved in the regulation of endothelial cell injury induced by hyperoxia and its mechanism are still unclear. STUDY DESIGN: We have activated and inhibited autophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hyperoxia and verified the role of autophagy in endothelial cell-related functions from both positive and negative aspects. RESULTS: Our research showed that the expression level of autophagy-related proteins decreased, accompanied by decreased cell migration ability and tube formation ability and increased cell reactive oxygen species level and cell permeability under hyperoxia conditions. Using an autophagy agonist alleviated hyperoxia-induced changes and played a protective role. However, inhibition of autophagy aggravated the cell damage induced by hyperoxia. Moreover, the decrease in autophagy proteins was accompanied by the upregulation of FOXO1 phosphorylation and acetylation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that autophagy was a protective mechanism against endothelial cell injury caused by hyperoxia. Autophagy might participate in this process by coregulating posttranslational modifications of FOXO1. KEY POINTS: · Hyperoxia induces vascular endothelial cell injury.. · Autophagy may has a protective role under hyperoxia conditions.. · FOXO1 posttranslational modification may be involved in the regulation of autophagy..

Protective effect of resveratrol on mitochondrial biogenesis during hyperoxia-induced brain injury in neonatal pups.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal hyperoxic brain injury is caused by exposure to hyperphysiological oxygen content during the period of incomplete development of the oxidative stress defence system, resulting in a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing damage to brain tissue. Mitochondrial biogenesis refers to the synthesis of new mitochondria from existing mitochondria, mostly through the PGC-1α/Nrfs/TFAM signalling pathway. Resveratrol (Res), a silencing information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (Sirt1) agonist, has been shown to upregulate the level of Sirt1 and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). We speculate that Res has a protective effect on hyperoxia-induced brain injury through mitochondrial biogenesis. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) pups were randomly divided into the nonhyperoxia (NN) group, the nonhyperoxia with dimethyl sulfoxide (ND) group, the nonhyperoxia with Res (NR) group, the hyperoxia (HN) group, the hyperoxia with dimethyl sulfoxide (HD) group, and the hyperoxia with Res (HR) group within 12 h after birth. The HN, HD, and HR groups were placed in a high-oxygen environment (80‒85%), and the other three groups were placed in the standard atmosphere. The NR and HR groups were given 60 mg/kg Res every day, the ND and HD groups were given the same dose of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) every day, and the NN and HN groups were given the same dose of normal saline every day. On postnatal day (PN) 1, PN7, and PN14, brain samples were acquired for HE staining to assess pathology, TUNEL to detect apoptosis, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting to detect the expression levels of Sirt1, PGC-1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in brain tissue. RESULTS: Hyperoxia induced brain tissue injury; increased brain tissue apoptosis; inhibited Sirt1, PGC-1α, Nrf1, Nrf2, TFAM mRNA expression in mitochondria; diminished the ND1 copy number and ND4/ND1 ratio; and decreased Sirt1, PGC-1α, Nrf1, Nrf2, and TFAM protein levels in the brain. In contrast, Res reduced brain injury and attenuated brain tissue apoptosis in neonatal pups and increased the levels of the corresponding indices. CONCLUSION: Res has a protective effect on hyperoxia-induced brain injury in neonatal SD pups by upregulating Sirt1 and stimulating the PGC-1α/Nrfs/TFAM signalling pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis.

Interactions between long interpregnancy interval and advanced maternal age on neonatal outcomes.

BACKGROUND: After the implementation of the universal two-child policy in China, it was more frequent to have long interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) and advanced maternal age. However, the interactions between long IPIs and advanced maternal age on neonatal outcomes are unknown. METHODS: The study subjects of this historical cohort study were multiparas with singleton live births between October 1st, 2015, and October 31st, 2020. IPI was defined as the interval between delivery and conception of the subsequent pregnancy. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risks of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestation age, and 1-min Apgar score ≤ 7 in different IPI groups. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was used to evaluate the additive interaction between long IPIs and advanced maternal age. RESULTS: Compared with the 24 ≤ IPI ≤ 59 months group, the long IPI group (IPI ≥ 60 months) was associated with a higher risk of PTB (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07-1.50), LBW (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI 1.08-1.61), and one-minute Apgar score ≤ 7 (aOR, 1.46; 95% CI 1.07-1.98). Negative additive interactions (all RERIs < 0) existed between long IPIs and advanced maternal age for these neonatal outcomes. Meanwhile, IPI < 12 months was also associated with PTB (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI 1.13-2.01), LBW (aOR, 1.50; 95% CI 1.09-2.07), and 1-min Apgar score ≤ 7 (aOR, 1.93; 95% CI 1.23-3.04). CONCLUSIONS: Both short and long IPIs are associated with an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Appropriate IPI should be recommended to women planning to become pregnant again. In addition, better antenatal care might be taken to balance the inferiority of advanced maternal age and to improve neonatal outcomes.

Gut microbiota and neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers.

One of the most frequent issues in newborns is acute kidney injury (AKI), which can lengthen their hospital stay or potentially raise their chance of dying. The gut-kidney axis establishes a bidirectional interplay between gut microbiota and kidney illness, particularly AKI, and demonstrates the importance of gut microbiota to host health. Since the ability to predict neonatal AKI using blood creatinine and urine output as evaluation parameters is somewhat constrained, a number of interesting biomarkers have been developed. There are few in-depth studies on the relationships between these neonatal AKI indicators and gut microbiota. In order to gain fresh insights into the gut-kidney axis of neonatal AKI, this review is based on the gut-kidney axis and describes relationships between gut microbiota and neonatal AKI biomarkers.

Research on the interaction of "tourism development-land use-landscape pattern" since the 1990s in a small karst basin, China.

The rapid rise of tourism in the karst regions has promoted the development of the local economy by relying on the unique landforms and landscapes. However, tourism development is often accompanied by land use changes and has an impact on the ecological environment. Exploring the coupling relationship between "tourism development-land use-landscape pattern" is very important for ecologically fragile karst areas. Taking the Yulong River Basin as an example, this research applied 3S technology, spatial analysis based on POIs, and regression analysis to the following: (1) identifying the process and effects of land use change, (2) determining the spatial pattern of tourism land and its correlation with land use change, (3) determining the characteristics and impacts of landscape pattern evolution. As the results suggested: (1) The significant expansion of construction land occupies a large amount of farmland, there is a balanced relationship between farmland and forest land for mutual conversion. (2) The aggregation of tourist land is affected by the trend of tourist behavior and the distribution of scenic spots. There is a significant moderate positive correlation between tourism land and construction land. (3) With the land use change, landscape heterogeneity has improved, but landscape fragmentation is serious and landscape connectivity is reduced. This research provides new evidences for the effect of the rapid development of tourism on land use change and ecological environment and as a reference to future orderly and moderate land development and ecological sustainability in karst regions.

Study on nanocellulose isolated from waste chilli stems processing as dietary fiber in biscuits.

In order to expand the high added value of waste chilli stems and the recycling of green resources, cellulose in chilli stems was extracted by nitric acid-ethanol method, and nanocellulose was prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method. The results showed that the cellulose content was between 15% and 34.5%. Under the optimum experimental conditions of 60% sulfuric acid concentration, 60°C reaction temperature and 120 min reaction time, the average yield of nanocellulose was 36.42% ±1.36%. Prepared cellulose and nanocellulose had been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, fourier-transform infrared, and x-ray diffraction analysis. The research indicated that the biscuits with acceptable overall quality could be prepared by using the dosage of nanocellulose (7%), and the corresponding biscuits had regular appearance and relatively smooth surface. The total dietary fiber content was positively correlated with different nanocellulose content. Through mice experiments, it was found that the consumption of biscuits containing nanocellulose could significantly reduce the food intake of mice and inhibit the weight growth of mice. Therefore, the research showed that whole wheat biscuits with nanocellulose could be regarded as food rich in dietary fiber. These results provided a basis for exploring the green resource recycling of chilli stems in food processing.

COVID-19: the possibility, ways, mechanisms, and interruptions of mother-to-child transmission.

BACKGROUND: In December 2019, novel coronavirus pneumonia was detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and as the epidemic spread, such cases emerged worldwide. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) named a new mutant Omicron (B.1.1.529), which disrupts the binding of most antibodies to the S protein and has a greater ability to break through the vaccine, posing a serious risk to population safety. Positive pregnant women give birth to positive newborns despite appropriate isolation measures taken by medical staff, suggesting that we may have vertical transmission of the novel coronavirus. This article analyzes and studies the possible vertical transmission path of the new coronavirus in the perinatal period of pregnant women and the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and puts forward effective preventive measures for positive pregnant women to provide further reference for clinical work. METHODS: We searched multiple databases, including PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, WHO COVID-19 database, and CDC database. Search terms included COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vertical transmission, Omicron, Vaginal, Breast Feeding, Vaccine, Neonatal, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Pregnancy, and Semen. SELECTION CRITERIA: The following criteria were also met: (1) positive maternal novel coronavirus nucleic acid test; (2) reporting of neonatal outcome; (3) language in Chinese or English; (4) study date or location indicated; (5) no suspected or confirmed duplicated reports. RESULTS: There is evidence of vertical transmission, and the risk of possible vertical transmission is 5.7% (75/1314). The article listed four possible vertical transmission routes, namely placental transmission, vaginal upstream transmission, breastfeeding transmission and monocyte, and macrophage transmission route, with placental transmission being the most probable. Meanwhile, SARS-CoV-2 may also enter the placenta to infect the fetus through antibody-dependent enhanced substitution mechanism. We recommend three methods for early surveillance of vertical transmission, namely nucleic acid testing, antibody screening, and antigen testing, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the article provides recommendations in four areas: labor management, neonatal management, nosocomial infection prevention and control, and vaccination. As well as suggesting effective preventive measures for positive pregnant women and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination, it is recommended that pregnant women should be vaccinated promptly, but considering that the vaccine may cause fever, it is recommended to consider vaccination cautiously in the first trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The article concludes that vertical transmission is possible, with placental transmission being the most likely, and that the risk of possible vertical transmission is 5.7% (75/1314). Good personal protection, patient isolation, ward disinfection, and vaccination are the best means of interrupting SARS-CoV-2.

Effects of Kangaroo Mother Care on Repeated Procedural Pain and Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the effects of kangaroo mother care (KMC) on repeated procedural pain and cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: Preterm infants of 31 to 33 weeks of gestational age were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 37). Premature infant pain profile (PIPP) scores, heart rate, oxygen saturation, regional cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (rcSO2), and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) were evaluated during repeated heel stick procedures. Each heel stick procedure included three phases: baseline, blood collection, and recovery. KMC was given to the intervention group 30 minutes before baseline until the end of the recovery phase. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed lower PIPP scores and heart rates, higher oxygen saturation, and rcSO2 from the blood collection to recovery phases during repeated heel sticks. Moreover, there were significant changes in cFTOE for the control group, but not the intervention group associated with repeated heel stick procedures. CONCLUSION: The analgesic effect of KMC is sustained over repeated painful procedures in preterm infants, and it is conducive to stabilizing cerebral oxygenation, which may protect the development of brain function. KEY POINTS: · KMC stabilizes cerebral oxygenation during repeated heel sticks in preterm infants.. · The analgesic effect of KMC is sustained over repeated painful procedures in preterm infants.. · KMC may protect the development of brain function..

Associations of Maternal Fructosamine before Delivery in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Pregnancies with Neonatal Glucometabolic Disorders.

Background: The offspring of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are vulnerable to be glucometabolic disorders. However, to date, few current studies focused on the associations of maternal accumulated glucose exposure before delivery with neonatal glucometabolic disorders and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. This study is aimed at exploring the associations of maternal fructosamine (FMN) before delivery in GDM pregnant women with neonatal glucometabolic disorders in the first 3 days of life and LGA infants. Methods: The study subjects were the GDM pregnant women, who gave birth in our hospital from September 1, 2018 to January 31, 2021, and their newborns. The maternal FMN adjusted by serum albumin (FMNALB) before delivery was selected as exposure factors. A multivariate logistical regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for neonatal glucometabolic disorders, hypoglycemia needing intervention (<2.6 mmol/L), and glucose intolerance (>7.0 mmol/L) in the first 3 days and LGA infants. Results: In GDM pregnant women, the newborns in the maternal FMNALB ≥ 75th percentile (≥5.89 mmol/g) group had higher risks in neonatal glucometabolic disorders (aOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.34-4.65, P = 0.004) and hypoglycemia (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.16-4.10, P = 0.016). However, FMNALB ≥ 75th percentile seemed to be not predictive of the glucose intolerance (aOR 1.76, 95% CI 0.82-3.79, P = 0.149) and LGA (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 0.81-3.02, P = 0.185). Further, in the sensitivity analysis, the newborns in the maternal FMNALB ≥ 90th percentile (≥6.40 mmol/g) group also had higher risks in neonatal glucometabolic disorders (aOR 5.70, 95% CI 2.18-14.89, P < 0.001) and hypoglycemia (aOR 3.72, 95% CI 1.48-9.31, P = 0.005). Conclusions: The maternal FMNALB before delivery in GDM pregnant women was a useful biomarker to identify the offspring with high risk of neonatal glucometabolic disorders. However, the association between maternal FMNALB and the risk of LGA infants was not so strong.

Effects of Laser Forming on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of DP980 Steel.

Due to its high strength and good plasticity, dual-phase (DP) steel is widely used for manufacturing the structural and reinforcement components of automobiles. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure variation in DP steel after deformation, especially those subjected to hot-forming processes. In this study, the mechanical properties and microstructure of laser-formed DP980 steel plates under different laser parameters were investigated by means of monotonic tensile tests, microhardness tests, and metallographic tests. The results showed that both yield strength and tensile strength increased with increasing laser line energy in the range of 5~19 J/mm due to the increasing volume content of martensite laths. Elongation was slightly improved after the laser-forming process due to the existence of residual austenite. The average microhardness of the heat-affected zone also increased with an increase in laser line energy and reached a maximum of 412.8 HV0.2-an improvement of 23.5% compared to that of the parent material.

Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and elevated blood pressure in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP) are associated with cardiovascular disease among mothers and offspring. This meta-analysis was conducted to further explore the associations between maternal HDP and offspring blood pressure (BP). The authors performed a search strategy in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library from database inception to January 2022. Twenty-four studies regarding HDP were included, with pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH), preeclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GH), and chronic hypertension included in 12, 16, 6, and 3 studies, respectively. Offspring who were exposed to HDP and PAH in utero had higher systolic BP (2.46 mm Hg, 95% CI: 1.88-3.03 mm Hg; 2.70 mm Hg 95% CI: 1.89-3.51 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (1.38 mm Hg 95% CI: 0.94-1.83 mm Hg; 1.39 mm Hg 95% CI: 0.71-2.06 mm Hg) than those birthed to normotensive mothers. The offspring exposure to PE, GH, and chronic hypertension had higher systolic BP by 1.90 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.39-2.40 mm Hg), 2.47 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.59-3.35 mm Hg), and 7.85 mm Hg (95% CI: 4.10-11.61 mm Hg), respectively, and higher diastolic BP by 0.99 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.50-1.49 mm Hg), 1.04 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.60-1.47 mm Hg), and 2.92 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.98-4.86 mm Hg), respectively. An Egger test and funnel plot confirmed no significant publication bias. In conclusion, offspring exposure to all subtypes of HDP in utero led to higher BP than no exposure. It is necessary to investigate the potential mechanisms to clarify the roles of genetic and environmental factors in these associations, which could provide insight on preventing hypertension and related cardiovascular disease.